Sure Things

Gangyi Wu Mark Scamahorn Eng 110, March 15, 2012 Desperate to survival How can a big brother who loses his parents in a short period of time survive? How is it possible for him to take care of his little brother at the same time? In A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, the author Dave Eggers describes a long dialogue between him and his brother Toph. In fact, the dialogue is not happening in the real world; instead, it is a â€Å"me and I† dialogue. Dave talks about his long day in the beginning of this dialogue, while â€Å"Toph† extends the conversation to the discussion of Dave’s inner being.Actually Dave is analyzing his behavior with respect to Toph. From the dialogue, we can tell Dave is desperate and is eager to have a normal life with Toph. Dave’s dialogue with â€Å"Toph’ shows Dave is aggressive. Dave is trying to escape the past and use moral authority to condemn other for the purpose of building himself up. Dave is trying to run a way from the past guilt. The guilty feelings make Dave stay away from the past. â€Å"Toph† says, â€Å"You’re completely paralyzed with guilt about relating all this in the first place, especially the stuff earlier on. †(115).The past was horrible for Dave. He suffered a lot, he lost his parents, and more importantly, his family. He is afraid to remember his family, because he is afraid that those painful memories will haunt after him. The guilt, as â€Å"Toph† describes, constrains him. Dave feels guilty for his parents’ death. The â€Å"family† area in his brain is a forbidden zone. He preserves this area carefully in order to avoid the potential harm coming from the heartrending stories. Otherwise, these areas may drive him ballistic. As a result, Dave tries many ways to escape the guilt.At the very beginning of the conversation, Dave and â€Å"Toph† are talking about their long day. Dave argues that â€Å"this is a much pedestri an day than most†, because â€Å"this is just a caricature†¦ the skeleton†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (115) Toph says: â€Å"you’re†¦. doing little tricks, out of frustration. †(115). From this conversation, we can see that Dave is trying to make things look fake; he does not want things to get a hold of him, especially the guilty feelings. Instead of manipulating the old memories into â€Å"skeleton† and â€Å"caricature† he would rather treat them as his own real experience.He is numbing himself out. By discarding all the old things to jump out of the old memories, Dave also wants to have a brand new life with Toph. â€Å"Toph† says, â€Å"you can toss away all the old rules†¦ and for all your bluster you end up maintaining most of their customs. †(116). He is attempting to leave away from the rules in his old family; he wants to dominate his own rule and create a new home rule. He blusters and struggles. He is desperate! No matter how hard Dave tries, he fails, and all the failures gradually lead him to the edge of collapse.Dave becomes an aggressive man, because he is over sensitive about the potential harm may happen to Toph. â€Å"Toph† recounts a scene between Dave and a friend, Marny. Dave is irritated about Toph’s ignorance’s to call, after waiting for Toph to return home. Marny exhorts Dave not to be harsh but Dave wraths immediately, â€Å"you think you have a say in something like that, just because I am young. †(116) Apparently he is harsh to Toph and now he is mean to his best friend. Marny is showing him kindness whereas Dave attacks her simply because she doubts what he is doing.In this moment, Dave already becomes extremely sensitive. He regards himself as Toph’s mother, â€Å"you would never contradict some forty-year-old mother, would you? † (116) He is a forty-year-old â€Å"mother† who is old enough to have authority over Toph; Dave believes h e has the competence to take care of Toph, and at the mean time he is doing a good parenting job. Therefore, no one can challenge his authority. Consequently Dave overly defends the leadership that he has over the new family. No one can judge an old â€Å"mother†. He is as bossy as an old â€Å"mother† holding the decision making power in his mind.Dave describes his attitude to those potential enemies from â€Å"Toph’s† words, â€Å"You’ll picture all manners of murders in my defense. Your visions will be vivid and horrifically violent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (117) Dave would like to punish his â€Å"enemies† in his own mind with weapons like a baseball bat. Dave values Toph the most in his heart, and anyone who dares to harm Toph should pay a high price. Dave will punish them as fierce as he can. Paragraph indicates that Dave lacks the sense of safety. Inside his imagination, outsiders always want to dig out his family’s scars and judge him a nd Toph.He desires to beat every enemy down before they appear, so that no one could harm them. He tries to condemn others by using his moral authority in order to gain confidence about life. Toph says, â€Å"You finally have the moral authority you’ve carved†¦And now your moral authority is doubled, tripled. And you use it any way you need to. † (118) The moral authority is the weapon Dave uses to intimidate others. For him it is a shield that protects him from being humiliated, since he is morally superior to others. This is exactly what Toph infers about his authority, â€Å"because it increases your leverage with other people. (119) As a result, Dave can judge others without getting criticism back. In the incomplete family, Dave and Toph are weak. However with the moral authority, he can rule over others; no one will have a judgment about his family, or Toph. He even judges his twenty-nine years old girl friend, â€Å"you’ll make this poor woman feel like a leper†¦ you want her to fell like a pariah, like a lower form of life†¦ what your feel anyone tethered to any addiction is. † (118) â€Å"Leper† and â€Å"pariah† are insulting words that a normal person would not use to criticize a smoking woman.By looking down on others and saying those insulting words, Dave is attempting to gain self-esteem. His behaviors make himself look like a superior. Although the people are living better than Dave, he refuses to accept reality. What Dave wants is to create a favorable family environment for Toph, to give him new home. In this family he is a father, a mother, a big brother and an orphan without parents. Dave is attempting pull himself out of the old and painful memories. On the other hand, he is shouldering the responsibilities of Toph.He talks to the imaginary Toph to cure himself with an â€Å"open heart surgery†. Toph is an illusion of real Toph in his heart. There two brothers are having a coun seling session together indirectly. Dave loves Toph. He is playing his role as a protector. He wants to protect Toph from the people outside their house, to keep Toph from other people’s judgments. The only reason Dave becomes a desperate and pretended guardian is to become strong enough to stand up for Toph’s protection. Work Cited Eggers, Dave. A heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, New York. Vintage Books. 2000. 114-120. Print.

Essay Othello Versus O

Othello vs. O (The main differences between the play and Movie) Although the movie â€Å"O† is a production based on Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, several differences exist between the two such as women’s social status, Iago’s personality change, and the type of language employed by the characters. Desi plays a strong woman who won't let any man put her down.She stands up to Odin several times during the movie, showing that twentieth century women have higher status in society than they did in Shakespeare's time. In the movie, Desi assertively says, â€Å"If you want to be with me don’t ever talk like that to me again, ever! † Desdemona seems much more compliant to her husband's demands, even when she knows that she is going to die. Rather than run, she goes to her bedchamber and gets ready for bed, perhaps suspecting that it will be her last night alive.At the beginning of the play she declares just how loyal she is to Othello by sayi ng â€Å"to you [father], I am bound for life and education; I am hitherto your daughter: but here's my husband, and so much duty as my mother showed to you, preferring you before her father, so much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my Lord†(Hall,). Desdemona knows her place in society and that is that she should be loyal to her husband or else she has been an unworthy wife. Iago’s character changes drastically in the movie compared to Shakespeare’s play.He would be considered the perfect villain in the play. He never seems to get fazed when he destroys Othello and Desdemona's relationship, when he makes Othello go crazy or when he kills Rodrigo: â€Å" My medicine, work! Thus credulous fools are caught†(Hall, 124). There are two major motives that drive Iago to destroy Othello’s life. The first being his hatred for Othello for not promoting him. His second motive is his desire for importance in society and Othello is a human being th at is blocking his pathway to glory. His character in â€Å"O†, Hugo, is a little bit different. He is trying to†¦

Business Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Model - Essay Example agers is the business model canvas that evaluates organizations based on their value proposition, customer segments, channels, key activities, key partners, customer relations, revenue streams, cost structure and key resources. Osterwalder (2004) describes a business model as describing the rationale of how an individual firm creates captures and delivers value. This paper provides an evaluation of the business model of General Electric based on the building blocks in the business model canvas. As such, the paper will look at the value proposition in terms of the products that it offers to its customers and how the company creates value to the customers who then are convinced to make repeat purchases. It will also asses the key activities that General Electric engages in to offer value to its customers, the resources it needs to perform these activities; their key partners customer segments and the sources of income. General Electric is widely known for its products that are sold to consumers globally. The company has highly diversified its products to cover several areas including consumer products, energy, infrastructure and products in the industrial segment. The company, has grown over time to be one of the most successful and largest producers of goods in the world and their business model is worth a study. The company’s business model is characterized by the diversification of their line of products to cover a wide range of products in a variety of fields including health and aviation industries. This should reasonably protect the company against the risks associated with a down turn in any of the industries (Gondzwaard, 1976). In what some scholars have noted to be an American culture oriented business environment, General Electric encourages competition both internally and externally and regards individual effort more than collective effort. The company also encourages and rewards continuous learning. In what can be called their value proposition,

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Marketing Management - Essay Example Such criticism has hindered the growth of Manga Cafe which has the potential to expand across the international markets. In this report, the marketing plan for Manga Cafe in London has been outlined. The Cafe will be started as a private brand in Shad Thames and it will target the Japanese nationals in London, students, tourists and travellers and people interested in Japanese culture. The primary target market of Cafe will fall between the age group of 15 and 44. The situation analysis predict that a huge number of Japanese nationals reside in London for many years. The competition in the cafe industry is tough however; the other cafes are primarily competition on quality and prices. In this report, the marketing mix has been developed based on the objectives of the company. The impact of technology and new media developments on Manga Cafe has also been discussed. Finally, the sustainability of the company in regard to its marketing strategy has been analysed. SITUATION ANALYSIS The situation analysis of Manga Cafe has been done by using the 4C framework. Customers The total population of London was 6,061,000 in 2009. The total population of Japanese in London in 2004 was 17,000 which have grown to 18,000 in 2009 (Table II). The significant number of Japanese nationals in London actually predicts a considerably large number of customers of Manga Cafe in Japan. Competitors A number of cafes are present in London and three largest Cafe operators in the city include Costa Coffee, Starbucks and Nero. The following positioning map shows the position of potential customers of Manga Cafe in London. The figure shows that Starbucks has been positioned as the brand with average quality of product and services for relatively high prices. Starbucks aims to launch more stores in West London because the company aims to maintain its position as the number of coffee chain in Britain (Neate, 2009). Costa Cafe has been positioned as a brand with good quality product and service s available at relatively average prices. Nero is the brand which is offering high quality product and services at very reasonable costs. Figure: Positioning Map Company Manga Cafe is a Japanese Cafe which provides a place to the people who have interest in reading Japanese comics. This company attracts a huge Japanese audience because this Cafe demonstrates the Japanese culture. Manga Cafe has also expanded internationally by establishing cafe in Paris. Context Demand of cultural cafes is increasing in London because of the increasing number of immigrants in London. The immigrants from Italy and Spain have introduced cultural cafes in London. Moreover, the Japanese community is expanding in London because of the increasing number of Japanese students are moving to London for higher studies. Objectives Manga Cafe will operate with an objective to attract 18,000 Japanese nationals living in London in its first year of operations. The Cafe will have an objective to have at least 100 v isitors on an average day. MARKETING STRATEGY Target Market Five customer segments have been identified as the major target market for the Manga Cafe. These target segments include a specific age

International Strategic Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

International Strategic Marketing - Essay Example As a result, the establishment of two major rail franchises that sells more than just the usual travel tour packages offered by the Virgin Company. Aside from the focus of the company on travel operations, the franchise establishments also sell entertainment materials such as magazines and music videos and DVD gadgets. There also came the establishment of the Virgin Mega stores that serve as the major mall-like establishments of the company that mostly offer materials in connection with entertainment. Aside from the many operations that the Virgin Group of Companies caters to, there are also other services that they still offer the public. The said services include balloon flights, beverages, bridal stores, cosmetics, financial services, health clubs, Internet services, mobile phone services, publishing, and a record label. (2007) As closely observed, the entire concern of the company is to provide recreation, entertainment and leisure to its clients. Hence, it could be noticed that most of its market comes from the upper level of the global economy. This directly refers to the fact that most of the clients that are able to appreciate and consume their products and accept their services are those who have the capability to pay for the amount of their business transactions. Being in the industry that holds much the competition as it is directly connected to entertainment and travel systems which is now the most in demand services in the society, how are the Virgin group of Companies able to cope up with the competition that is present in the business society How are they able to refine their strategies of market approach considering that they are considered as a multinational company that has to deal with multicultural society of workers Aside from this, as the company grows even larger and ventures to different areas of business, how are they able to keep a strong stand in the competitive pace of the global business culture These questions and more shall be answered on the chapter discussions that follow. CHAPTER 2 The Competitive Strategies of the Virgin Group (Literature Review) In business, there is always competition. According to Milton Snoeyenbos, "Competition is the essence of putting up a business and making things happen for a certain company" (1992). This is indeed true. As obviously seen today, different types of competition that naturally determines their status in the global business arena govern the global industry of business. Furthermore, Snoeyenbos adds that: "the ability of a business entity to keep up with the competition that it is supposed to have engagement with measures its capability of keeping up with the fast paced development of global trade and industries" (1992) Certainly, multinational companies, such as the Virgin Group, directly experience such competitive environment of operating in the global market. There are many companies that naturally would want to have the same 'fair share' of market especially when it comes to travel operations and entertainment. It is indeed true that to be able to survive in such a competitive world of business, a company, or a business

Organisational Behaviour in Vidsoft Technologies Essay

Organisational Behaviour in Vidsoft Technologies - Essay Example However, certain revisions are to be made to overcome the problem situation through modification of the leadership styles and changing the ways of managing people. The recommendation for the same covers areas of appropriate leadership style for Vidsoft, the expected changes in the attributes of a leader, and some of behavioural changes in the leader. Steps that could have been taken by Babatunde for avoiding the situation Although it is crucial that Babatunde, being a leader empowers his people through the sharing of his power among team members and enhancing their feelings of personal effectiveness, too much reliance on the decision of team members must not be entertained. At present, Babatunde is seen to be representing the ‘country club’ leadership style according to the Managerial Grid presented by Blake and Mouton, and shown in the following figure. Figure 1: Managerial Grid by Blake and Mouton (Source: University of Kentucky, 2011, slide-19) According to the countr y club style of leadership he has been showing high concern for people, showing support and warmth towards followers, maintaining good relations with them, showing respect to their feelings and being sensitive to their needs. These attributes get reflected through the fact when he chose to allow Hsu to present his grievances against his decisions. Firstly this was allowance for Hsu to refuse to comply with his decisions. Hsu’s request to refuse to report to Li and further to be transported to a different support group which was supporting another product line shows an attempt to go against or flout the decisions that had been taken. His deepest for... Today, Vidsoft Technologies is an internet company which develops softwares for meeting the procurement needs of customers. The company has been known for its high quality of service delivered to customers through a culture of teamwork, cooperative efforts, collaboration and solidarity among organization employees. However, the researcher mentiones that along with the growth of the organization, it has been confronting with leadership issues which are summarized in the following section. Technical Support Manager at Vidsoft initially applied his management style having a micro-management attitude where all his efforts went towards performance and success of the entire team. However, as number of team members kept growing, this management style felt short and it was increasingly difficult collaborating efforts and attaining a common consensus of all individuals in the group. Secondly, Babatunde’s leadership style represents a participative form of management style in which he a llows participation of group members in the decision making process of the company. Thirdly, it is Babatunde’s decision to assign responsibilities for managing one of the product lines is not accepted by all, he does seem to be depicting a strong support over own decisions. Lastly, the researcher recommends that the leadership style of Babatunde could be focused on inspiring and motivating them to support the management’s business decisions rather than trying to gain the staffs’ approval for every decision making.

Radio spot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Radio spot - Essay Example THE DEPARTMENT MAINTAINS THAT THE OUTSIDE APPEARANCE OF AN ORGANIZATION ENHANCES ITS CHANCES OF ATTRACTING CUSTOMERS. THIS GIVES IT AN OPPORTUNITY TO INCREASE SALES, CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY’S ECONOMY. THE ORGANIZATION THROUGH ITS UNIQUES DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES THAT ARE AIMED AT CONSERVATING THE ENVIRONMENT HAS MADE IT POPULAR AMONG HOME OWNERS, AS WELLS AS SMALL SCALE BUSINESS OWNERS. THIS IS BECAUSE OF THE AFFORDABILITY OF ITS SERVICES, AS WELLS AS THE HIGH QUALITY OF ITS PRODUCTS. THIS ATTRIBUTES HAS MADE THE ORGANIZATION TO POSSESS A STRONG BRAND NAME, EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS COCA COLA, AND NIKE. BECAUSE OF THIS ASPECTS, THE DEPARTMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT AND COMMERCE MANAGED TO NOTICE THE ORGANIZATION, THEREBY REVEIVING AN AWARD FROM THE FEDEARL GOVERNMENT. THIS IS ORGANIZATION IS A PERFECT EXAMPLE OF HOW EMERGING ENTERPRENEURS, CAN MAKE IT IN THE FIERCE AMERICAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. THEY MUST COME UP WITH UNIQUE IDEAS, AND EMPHASIZE ON HARD WORK. FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THE AWARDS PRESENTED TO THE ORGANIZATION, VISIT ITS WEBSITE AT,

Lesson 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson 6 - Assignment Example Other roles carried out by a case manager involves patients referral, delivery of healthcare, adjustment and evaluation of results for every patient and most importantly evaluating the entire health program effectiveness by making adjustments to the health program. Coordinate and arrange for special services: It is the duty of case managers to evaluation cases that require specialist attention and refer them accordingly. This ensures patients with complicated conditions are examined and treated by medical practitioners of a given specialty. Negotiating rates: It is the function of a case manager to negotiate rates with clients. Different cases are managed at varied rates and in application of a win to win situation between a client and a hospital, the case manager represents the hospital in negotiating the most appropriate rate (Finkelman, 2001). Collaboration and negotiation: A case manager primary role involves facilitating client recipient of services. In order to effectively perform this task, a case manager must establish a cooperative relationship with all people. Self-determination and ability to make choices: According to Edlin (2002), similar to other people, a case manager should possess the ability to make their own choices with regard to life decisions and as far as case management models are concerned. Clinical studies gathered about a patient should be set in an individualized context. A health practitioner must clearly understand the patient’s background, how such information impacts on the problem at hand and the reasons as to why a patient is seeking help at that given time(Jesitus, 2001). In this regard, such contextual details requires enquiry into patients complains, past admissions and readmissions within a span of four weeks, past cases of drug usage, family history, past medical history and personal and family history among others. Family history: This

Prevention of the dangers facing hospitals Research Paper

Prevention of the dangers facing hospitals - Research Paper Example To date, health care is primary domestic priority among Americans, and their top financial concern deals with the skyrocketing costs of health care (Newport, Jones, Saad, Gallup & Israel, 2009). In fact, 16 per cent of the US gross national product goes to health care. It should not, therefore, come as a surprise that health care is â€Å"a principal issue in the national consciousness of Americans† (Griffin, 2011, p. 3). Ironically, however, Sultz and Young (2011) observed that while the American health care system prioritized health promotion and disease prevention, health care expenses tend to be concentrated on treating what are otherwise preventable diseases. Moreover, it was revealed not too long ago that hospitals are not really the safest place in America, and perhaps around the world, with 48,000 deaths each year reported due to hospital acquired infections (DeNoon, 2010). There is even a big possibility that incidences of hospital acquired infections are not reported as intimated by some medical experts (Doyle, 2011). Infections are just one of the many dangers which put both patients and medical practitioners at risk. Other possible sources of danger in hospitals are direct physical hazards and malfunction of medical electrical devices, exposure to medical radiation, health hazards of mobile phones, human errors, medication errors, unsanitary practices, etc. (Leitgeb, 2010; Peart 2010; Mennen, 2005; Raheja, 2011; Pozgar 2007). Cognizant of such dangers which directly and / or indirectly threaten the safety of patients confined in a hospital or those simply availing of out-patient services, an attempt will be made to propose interventions and courses of action to avoid these two sources dangers in the hospital. Interventions will be framed on the premise of avoiding those which can be prevented, and mitigating the effects of those which are not preventable. 2.0. Available technology 2.1. Air-borne infection Cursue, Popa, Sirbu, and Popa (2009) supports the benefits of engineering control measures for the reduction of the concentration of airborne infections. Prevention of the spread of such particles in a structure lessens contact with infectious pathogens, as well as the threat of illness from this kind of pathogens. However, engineering controls comprise only one-third of the necessary control elements towards the mitigation risks from airborne infections in health care settings. As explained in Atkinson, Chartier, Pessoa-Silva, Jensen, Li, and Seto (2009), transmission of airborne infections happens by the spreading of droplet nuclei over a long distance from an infected patient. A number of necessary factors are met for the dissemination of droplet nuclei. These are: (1) presence of viable pathogen inside the droplet at the source of the infection; (2) survival of the pathogen inside the droplet after expulsion from its source, and preservation of its ability to cause infection even after being exposed to evaporation, light, temperature, relative humidity, and / or other physical challenges; (3) reaching a specific infective dose sufficient to infect a susceptible host, and (4) exposure or contact of the droplet to a susceptible host. The Word Health Organization (2007, as cited in Atkinson, et al, 2009) maintained that preventing the spread of airborne infections involves the implementation of the so-called airborne precautions. This is realized with the setting of the following forms

Renaissance and Fashion trends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Renaissance and Fashion trends - Essay Example The essay "Renaissance and Fashion trends" talks about trends in the fashion in the era of Renaissance. For instances clothes that were designed for war had specific purpose, on the other hand the bridal clothing was designed to suit the function of the day. Before the 19th century clothing was tailor made to suit the needs of each individual. The design of women garments was quite different with the modern garments. The garments were loosely fitting and flowing. Most fabrics in ancient time lacked decoration. The general rule in western world preferred plain clothes to the decorated clothes. History records that clothes that people wore were white in color. Any other color was not easily accepted. Commoners were prohibited by the rules of the land not to wear red clothes in the theaters. A wide range of cloth colors started featuring in the fifth century. During this time, people could wear a wide range of colors in public places and in theaters. The cultural believes and the societ al norms dictated the kind of design that a community would accept. However, at the advent of the 20th century, the idea of standardized clothing became more popular as sewing and stitching technologies became widespread and the world moved into the era of industrialization. Tailors and dress markers developed new fashions and took them to the market. Competition among different designers is another factor that has contributed to the changes in fashions. Many designers want their products to sell.

Analysis and Consequences of Legal Action(S) Essay Example for Free

Analysis and Consequences of Legal Action(S) Essay Analisis for successful lawsuit report Purpose Per your request, our legal team, courtesy of Legal Eagles, LLP, wishes to advise you regarding your tentative legal action against Mechanics National Bank (â€Å"National Bank†). As you alleged, National Bank was negligent in their failure to remove a lien on your Lagoon Beach property. Our legal team has assessed this and other concerns of your case. Outlined throughout this correspondence are conclusions we have made and recommendations we wish you consider. Before we proceed, we thank you for your trust and assure you nothing less than our highest-quality work. You have expressed to us your interest in recovering compensation for a failed entrepreneurial endeavor involving a hotel property, Hotel California. You also informed us that your acquisition of this property was dependent upon your securing financing through pledging a property you currently own as collateral. In a brief analysis of the facts of your case, we find you may successfully prove liability on the part of National Bank; however, this conclusion is not without concerns, particularly regarding your contract with the owner of Hotel California. This concern and other considerations for your case are also discussed in this correspondence. Factual Background Our notes of the essential facts of your case indicate the following: You sought the acquisition of an existing hotel property located in Palm Desert, Green. You contacted the hotel’s listing agent, Mr. Babak Gordon, and obtained preliminary data on the property, including financial statements of the hotel which you have provided us. On January 5, 2005, the hotel owner, Ms. Shirley Ramirez, Mr. Gordon, and you had a preliminary discussion regarding the purchase and sale of Hotel California. Ms. Ramirez offered to you by phone this property for $4.3 million, excluding the furniture, and the sale was to conclude following a 45 day escrow. On January 6, 2005, you faxed Ms. Ramirez a signed letter both indicating your acceptance of her offer and your preference that the transaction close following a 60 day escrow. Although you never received a reply or confirmation from Ms. Ramirez, on January 30, 2005, you obtained a financing commitment from Bank of the West. Their conditions we re that the bank would obtain a first priority lien on the hotel property along with an unrelated undeveloped parcel of land owned by you in Lagoon Beach, Green. As you have shared with us, you acquired this land in 1984 and had managed to pay off its mortgage on November 1, 2004. However, National Bank failed to remove its lien on the property. You vigorously attempted to get National Bank to remove its lien on this property. You contacted bank officers and explained to them that the lien needed to be removed so that you could pledge the property as collateral and finance your purchase of Hotel California. Because National Bank did not remove this lien, you were unable to finance the acquisition of Hotel California. You later bought a hotel property â€Å"similarly situated† and â€Å"virtually identical† to Hotel California for $4.7 million dollars. Issue From our analysis, we find as reasonable your decision to consider pursuing legal action against National Bank for damages. You have cited National Bank as negligent for failing to follow instructions regarding the removal of a lien from the title of your Lagoon Beach property. If you proceed further to trial, a court of law will try, whether by failing to remove its lien on your Lagoon Beach property, National Bank committed the tort of negligence. Because our analysis has also raised concerns regarding your contract with the owner of Hotel California, Ms. Shirley Ramirez, we must also inform you of a second issue a court of law is likely to try. If you proceed further to trial, a court of law will try whether a legally binding, enforceable contract exists (or existed) between Ms. Ramirez and you. Keep in mind that your legal action for damages may be predicated on whether there was a contract. Roadmap In addition to listing our conclusions, recommendations, and concerns throughout this correspondence, you will find that we have analyzed the likelihood for success of your legal action against National Bank. You have expressed your desire to recover damages for your lost opportunity involving the Hotel California property. For your convenience, a complete and careful analysis has been conducted and detailed throughout this correspondence. GROUNDS OF LIABILITY You have alleged that National Bank was negligent, and you intend to recover damages from National Bank. You will have the burden of proving the prima facie case for the tort of negligence. You must cite evidence and present arguments that support your allegation of National Bank’s negligence. To successfully fulfill your burden you must show that: * Duty: The defendant (National Bank) owed you (plaintiff) a duty of due care. * Breach of Duty: Defendant’s conduct breached that duty. * Actual and Proximate Cause: Actual and proximate causation between defendant’s breach and your (plaintiff’s) injury was present. * Injury: Injured party (you) sustained injury due to defendant’s actions. If you fail to prove these elements, National Bank’s legal team may motion to dismiss your case. In this event, it is possible that your case could then be dismissed without further proceedings. However, if you successfully prove and argue all four of these elements, you must also overcome any affirmative defenses, if applicable, raised by the defendant (National Bank). These defenses are contributory negligence and assumption of risk. From our initial analysis, National Bank will be unable to raise an affirmative defense on these grounds. We will fully assess whether there are on any other legal grounds defenses that National Bank can raise. (See Other Considerations.) Remedies for Negligence If you successfully prove National Bank’s liability, you may be entitled to recover compensatory or actual damages. The damages and compensatory award amounts are determined on a case-by-case basis by the jury or judge presiding over the case. We have included a potential award amount you may be entitled to and you will find a complete discussion on how this determination is made. (See ANALYSIS OF LIABILITY – Injury.) Statutes Governing Contract Law Because the secondary issue (See Issue) and one of our concerns regarding your case is regarding your contract with Ms. Ramirez, we have disclosed applicable information from both the Green Civil Code and our legal library pertaining to 1) offer and acceptance, 2) Green’s statute of frauds, and 3) Green’s â€Å"mirror image rule.† For your convenience, we have bolded and defined legal terminology that will be reiterated in later sections of this correspondence. Offer and Acceptance An offer is the important first step in the contract formation process. A party (offeror) who makes the offer gives another party (offeree) to whom the offer is made the power to bind both parties to a contract simply by accepting the offer. Not every proposal qualifies as an offer. To distinguish an offer, courts evaluate offers on three grounds: First, they look for some objective indication of a present intent to contract on the part of the offeror. Second, they look for specificity, or definiteness, in the terms of the alleged offer. Third, they look to see whether the alleged offer has been communicated to the offeree. An acceptance is â€Å"a manifestation of assent to the terms [of the offer] made by the offeree.† In determining if an offeree accepted an offer and created a contract, a court will look for evidence of three factors: (1) the offeree intended to enter the contract, (2) the offeree accepted on the terms proposed by the offeror, and (3) the offeree communicated his acceptance to the offeror. Statute of Frauds According to the Green Civil Code,  § 1624, any contract transferring an interest in land is invalid if not accompanied by â€Å"note or memorandum.† An unenforceable contract is one that meets the basic legal requirements for a contract, but may not be enforceable because of some other legal rule. A contract for which the statute of frauds requires a form of writing, yet no writing is made, may be declared an unenforceable contract. Mirror Image Rule The traditional contract law rule is that an acceptance must be the mirror image of the offer. Attempts by offerees to change the terms of the offer or to add new terms to it are treated as counteroffers because they indicate an intent by the offeree to reject the offer instead of being bound by its terms. Now that you have an understanding of the relevant law behind the tort of negligence and contracts, and are familiar with the legal terminology of these areas, we proceed into our analysis of the facts of your case and the prima facie case for the tort of negligence. ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL BANK’S LIABILITY Should you pursue further legal action against National Bank, you will have the burden of proving the elements of the prima facie case of the tort of negligence. Below are descriptions of these elements, accompanied by our legal analysis between the facts of the case, prima facie case, and case law from our legal library. Tort of Negligence In Commercial Escrow Company v. Rockport Rebel, Inc., negligence is defined as â€Å"conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others†. Because of the similarities in the facts between the case of Escrow Company and your case, this case has been used extensively in the forming of the following arguments. We recommend using this case in satisfying your burden for your legal action. Accordingly, you must argue that National Bank’s behavior in failing to remove the lien on your Lagoon Beach property fell below the standard for public protection established by law. Further, to successfully prove negligence, you must argue that National Bank is responsible for some injury you incurred stemming from their alleged mismanagement and failure to remove the lien on your property. With your notes, the facts of your case, and documents you provided us, we have constructed tentative arguments to determine the success of your legal action. You will find these arguments beginning on the next page. Duty According to the case, Commercial Escrow Company v. Rockport Rebel, Inc., â€Å"a defendant owes a duty of care to all foreseeable plaintiffs.† For example, in cases where a â€Å"[defendant] voluntarily assumes the duty to act by promising to the plaintiff to behave in a certain way,† the defendant owes that plaintiff a duty to act with care. According to Judge Utter, a â€Å"defendant also [owes] the plaintiff a duty of care where a contractual relationship between the parties requires the defendant to act in a certain way towards the plaintiff.† Considering these rules of law, National Bank owed you a duty to act as you requested. In your previous correspondence, you indicated that National Bank is â€Å"the lender on your Lagoon Beach property.† You also submitted to us a copy of your deed of trust. To reiterate â€Å"the language in the deed of trust† as part of your contractual relationship with National Bank, National Bank was supposed â€Å"to promptly record a reconveyance of its lien on [your] property upon payment in full of the underlying loan.† Because National Bank failed to do this, we find it foreseeable that you would be prevented from using the property as collateral for your hotel acquisition. Additionally, you also mentioned that you â€Å"vigorously attempted to get†¦ National Bank to remove its lien on [your] property, but to no avail† and despite â€Å"repeated assurances from various officers.† Because National Bank officers assured and essentially promised you that they would remove the lien on your property, National Bank voluntarily assumed a duty to you, if no duty had been present beforehand. In essence, the assurances made to you to process your request indicate that National Bank voluntarily assumed, and therefore owed you, a duty of due care to act as you requested. In light of these arguments, we assure you that you should successfully satisfy this first element – duty – of the prima facie case of the tort of negligence. Breach of Duty According to Commercial Escrow Company v. Rockport Rebel, Inc., in order for a plaintiff to prove negligence, the â€Å"plaintiff is required to show †¦that [the defendant] had breached [defendant’s] duty of care to the plaintiff.† In most cases, a defendant owes a plaintiff a duty to act as would a reasonable person under similar circumstances. In the case of Escrow Company, the Court found that â€Å"in performing services for a client, [the] escrow company has the duty to strictly follow instructions.† Like an escrow company, a financial institution like National Bank most likely has a duty to strictly follow instructions drafted in a deed of trust, or part of a loan or other financial instrument. Because officers on behalf of National Bank did not follow instructions and terms of behavior involving you (as lendee) and National Bank (as lender) detailed in your property’s deed of trust, you may successfully argue that National Bank breached its duty to you. According to our copy of your deed of trust you provided us, National Bank was required to â€Å"promptly record a reconveyance of its lien on the property upon payment in full of the underlying loan.† You had managed to pay off the mortgage on this property on November 1, 2004. Despite this, National Bank failed to remove its lien, even after you requested. Because officers at National Bank did not strictly follow this instruction, National Bank breached the duty of due care owed to you. Causation Satisfying the prima facie case for the tort of negligence also requires that a plaintiff prove that there is a connection (or actual causation) between the alleged breach of duty by defendant and injury suffered by plaintiff. As in the case of Commercial Escrow Company v. Rockport Rebel, Inc., courts assess the existence of a connection between breach and injury by determining whether injury would have occurred if not for breach. A court would employ a similar test in your case. Because National Bank failed to remove the lien on your property, you did not satisfy terms of the loan commitment with Bank of the West and could not secure financing for your acquisition of Hotel California. We find that there is a casual connection. Courts also evaluate the proximate cause (causation) between a defendant’s breach of duty and a subsequent injury suffered by a plaintiff. Proximate causation refers to whether the defendant’s breach of duty and subsequent injury suffered by the plaintiff was foreseeable. Because you vigorously attempted to have officers at National Bank remove its lien on your property and informed them that you needed the lien removed in order to pledge the property as collateral, we find that your injury of loss of opportunity to acquire the hotel property was foreseeable. Injury The final element you must prove to satisfy the prima facie case for the tort of negligence is whether you have suffered injury because of National Bank’s alleged negligence. Due to National Bank’s failure in removing the lien on your Lagoon Beach property, the transfer of ownership agreement of Hotel California between you and Ms. Ramirez allegedly collapsed. Later, you purchased a â€Å"similarly situated† and â€Å"virtually identical† hotel property for $4.7 million, $400,000 more than what you would have paid for Hotel California ($4.3 million). In essence, National Bank’s alleged negligence caused you to incur an opportunity cost of $400,000. This loss of opportunity is under the assumption that a valid, enforceable contract existed between you and Ms. Ramirez. SUMMARY Because National Bank breached its duty by failing to remove its lien on your property, you were unable to secure financing for a $4.3 million acquisition of Hotel California. However, you later purchased a â€Å"virtually identical† property for $4.7 million. You may be entitled to the difference. DEFENSES AGAINST LIABILTY In this portion of this report, we detailed any applicable defenses relevant to your case, and outlined other considerations and concerns we advise you to consider. Although we have found that affirmative defenses to National Bank’s negligence are inapplicable to the particular facts of your case, we have other concerns to discuss. Other Considerations It is the opinion of Legal Eagles, LLP, that National Bank may argue that regardless of whether it removed the lien on your Lagoon Beach property, indefinite would be the transfer of ownership of the hotel property from Ms. Ramirez to you. As our analysis showed, you may successfully prove that National Bank had a duty to remove the lien on your property and subsequently breached that duty by failing to adhere to this instruction. If the failure to remove the lien on your property can be proven to have caused you damage(s), we will advise you to pursue further legal against National Bank. But first we must evaluate the documents you provided us and later the validity of the binding contract between you and Ms. Ramirez. Analysis of Income We have completely revalued the hotel property, Hotel California you were interested in. We used the same method(s) and approaches that most banks in our region would use to appraise the value of hotel properties. The expected value approach places weights on appraisals from two methods. First, we multiplied the past two years’ average gross margin by four. This holds a weight of 40%, because it is expected to be accurate 40% of the time. The value we derived from this method came to $2,462,380.00. Next, we took the present value of the average of the past three years’ cash flows, discounted at an 8% discount rate for 10 years. This method holds a 60% weight. The value derived from this method comes to $2,505,589.13. Our final step is to assign the correct weight to each method and sum the two figures. We can therefore conclude that the Hotel California’s appraisal value is $2,488,305.48. In addition to this, it is acceptable for a company to sell what is known a s â€Å"goodwill.† That is why the listed price of 2.5 million dollars was overstated by $11,694.52. We know that the bank would only allow you to borrow up to the appraised value, $2,488,305.48, unless you either pay 25% of the purchase in cash, or pledge to the bank a first priority lien on the vacant land as collateral. We also know that the latter option was not possible, so we will consider the former. We conclude that 25% of the purchase price of $4.3 million is $1,075,000. Because you were able to only provide $500,000 in cash for a down payment, you did not meet the requirements to borrow more than $2,488,305.48 from the bank, without pledging the vacant land. Hypothetically, if you had decided to borrow $2,488,305.48 from the bank, plus your $500,000 down payment, you would have had $2,988,305.48. This amount still would not have been enough to purchase the Hotel California property offered at $4.3 million dollars. Consequently, we conclude that without pledging the vacant land as collateral, there was no way you could have borrowed enough money to make the purchase. Even though the appraised value was not enough for you to borrow a sufficient amount of money from Bank of the West, we believe the appraised amount you were given was not accurate. There are two reasons why we believe Desert Mirage Accounting should not have relied on the income statement and footnote provided by Ms. Ramirez’s accountant. The first problem lies in the way the accountant prepared the income statement. Mr. Babak Gordon calculated gross profit by taking revenue minus cost of revenue. This method is only used for retailers and manufacturing companies, whereas Hotel California is a service company. The second problem is the verifiability of the financial statements and reliability of the accountant. To be credible, financial statements must follow generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). A financial statement that follows GAAP must be accompanied by a signed opinion letter. The letter can be in the form of: 1) Compilation letter 2) Review letter 3) Audit opinion Finally, this letter must be signed by a certified public accountant (CPA). Because the income statement of Hotel California does not come with any signed opinion letter, we cannot verify its accuracy. Therefore, Desert Mirage Accounting should not have relied on that income statement and footnote information to make the evaluation. In our initial observation of your case, we assumed National Bank’s failure to remove its lien from your Lagoon Beach property caused you to forfeit your opportunity to purchase the Hotel California property. As illustrated by our calculations above, you could not have financed the acquisition of Hotel California without pledging your Lagoon Beach property as collateral. However, after conducting a thorough analysis of your case, we regret to inform you that you may not be able to prove damages stemming from National Bank’s failure to remove its lien from your property. Even though National Bank may have breached its duty to you, National Ba nk could argue that your contract with Ms. Ramirez is invalid or unenforceable. In the event that you do not have a valid or enforceable contract, you are not legally entitled to the Hotel California property or other legal remedies. In essence, regardless of whether National Bank’s negligence can be proved, a transaction between Ms. Ramirez and you might not have occurred if a binding contract did not exist. We will clarify and explain this finding in the next section. Offer and Acceptance Analysis From our analysis, coupled with case law from our case library, we have found that there was no contractual arrangement between you and Ms. Ramirez. In arriving at this finding, we took into account the facts surrounding your case. There are key elements that prevent the institution of a contract, for the purchase of real estate, between you and Ms. Ramirez. In reaching this finding, we referred to the case of Cayetano J. Apablasa v. Merritt Company from our case library. In this case, the Court evaluated a plaintiff’s action for damages resulting from an alleged breach of contract. This plaintiff’s action for damages depended on whether there was an existing contract. The Court found that â€Å"no reasonable construction of evidence† admitted a binding contract between the parties; and that the correspondence that was provided to the Court amounted to â€Å"nothing more than an offer that was never accepted.† In essence, at the conclusion of the plaintiff’s case, the Court’s judge â€Å"entered a judgment decreeing that no contract was entered into, existing, or was ever executed.† Similar to your case, in Cayetano v. Merritt, the initial reply to the offeror’s offer by the offeree did not constitute an acceptance, contrary to what the offeree had thought. The offeree had included a â€Å"proviso† in his perceived acceptance letter to the offeror. In light of this, the Court found that terms proposed in an offer â€Å"must be met exactly, precisely and unequivocally for its acceptance to result in the formation of a binding contract.† This decision supplements our discussing regarding Green’s â€Å"mirror image rule† below. (See Regarding Mirror Image Rule.) Additionally, the Court stated that â€Å"[t]he addition of any condition†¦ is tantamount to a rejection of the original offer and the making of a counteroffer.† In essence, the Court’s decision can be summarized by the following: â€Å"[w]here a person offers to do a definite thing and another introduces a new term into the acceptance, his answer is a mere expression of willingness to negotiate or is a counter proposal, and in neither case is there a contract; if it is a new proposal and it is not accepted it amounts to nothing.† Regarding Green’s Statute of Frauds A key element that is missing in the proof of a contract is that your agreement with Ms. Ramirez was not in writing. The Green Civil Code requires that in order for a contract involving the sale of real property, to be valid, the agreement must be in writing and signed by the party to be charged or by the party’s agent. In your situation, Ms. Ramirez made her initial offer orally over the phone and you replied by a signed fax. There was never a written offer or contract signed by Ms. Ramirez. Therefore, a court of law would most likely find the contract between you and Ms. Ramirez as unenforceable. Even if the alleged contract did not have to be in writing and could be enforceable, there are other additional concerns we have: Regarding the Mirror Image Rule In a situation, such as the one you were in, a proper acceptance must meet the â€Å"mirror image rule.† This rule states that in order for an offeree to properly accept an offer, the offeree must accept the exact offer that was established by the offerer. When reviewing your case, we found that you had intent to accept Ms. Ramirez’s offer, but in your attempt to accept the offer, you added a different term to the agreement. In her offer, Ms. Ramirez required that â€Å"[t]he sale was to conclude following a 45-day escrow.† However, in your reply, you stated that you â€Å"would like to close escrow within 60 days.† A court of law would find that by changing the terms of Ms. Ramirez’s offer, you fail to meet the â€Å"mirror image rule,† and therefore terminated Ms. Ramirez’s initial offer and proposed a counteroffer. Documents you provided us detailing your correspondence with Ms. Ramirez indicate no communication on her part in accepting your counteroffer. Summary We must mention that had there been a contract between Ms. Ramirez and you, you may have been the subject of legal action by Ms. Ramirez. If we assume there was an actual contract between Ms. Ramirez and you with either the 45 day or 60 day escrow term, Ms. Ramirez could have pursued legal action and you could be liable for having breached your contract for your failure to deliver on your promise. You entered into the alleged contract with Ms. Ramirez on January 6, 2005. Regardless of whether there was an agreement for a 45 day escrow or a 60 day escrow term, you failed to secure financing in either time frame. Approximately 80 days after entering the alleged contract with Ms. Ramirez, on March 28, 2005, you contacted Ms. Ramirez to request an extension. The fact that you have no pending legal action brought by Ms. Ramirez may suggest that Ms. Ramirez did not view the arrangement with you as a binding contract. We reiterate that neither party had a binding, enforceable contract. CONCLUSION Ms. Warren, we regret to inform you that success with your legal action is unlikely. There is a high chance you will be unsuccessful, should you purse a legal action against National Bank on the grounds of the tort of negligence. National Bank failed to remove the lien on your Lagoon Beach property, violating the duty of due care owed to you, and disrupting your ability to secure financing for your entrepreneurial endeavor. However, the question of law of whether there was a valid, enforceable contract between you and Ms. Ramirez, is the decisive issue. As our analysis has indicated, a court of law will most likely try the issue of whether there was a binding contract. Thus without the binding contract between you and Ms. Ramirez involving her offer for the hotel (Hotel California), a judge or jury in a court of law cannot rely on how much you would have paid to make a compensatory damages determination. In other words, because your action for damages is predicated on a contract between you and Ms. Ramirez, your damages cannot be established and you incurred no loss of opportunity. Without the loss of this opportunity cost, you have not suffered any injury due in part to National Bank’s negligence. RECOMMENDATIONS Ms. Warren, as Associate Partner of Legal Eagles, LLP, I oversaw the analysis of my legal team and validated their conclusions and findings. In light of the findings of our analysis, I foremost recommend that you consider the following course of action: * Please, do not pursue further legal action against National Bank regarding this cause of action and issue. It is my opinion and the opinion of Legal Eagles, LLP, that pursuing further legal action regarding this issue, considering our evaluation of your case, will result only in additional expense on your part including legal and attorney fees and your time. You will also not receive the resolution that you would like making the process inherently dissatisfying and frustrating. With this in mind, there is another course of action I do recommend. Because you have already attempted to resolve your issue with National Bank regarding the lien on your Lagoon Beach, Green property, you are entitled to contact the regulatory agency of your former bank. All national banks within the state of Green are regulated by different agencies. If National Bank’s lien remains on your property, I recommend you pursue this alternate course of action: * Contact the appropriate state of Green regulatory agency of your financial institution (National Bank) and file a complaint. Your bank’s regulatory agency can help you with your concerns and complaints. There are many regulatory agencies in the state of Green’s banking industry. For your convenience, the appropriate regulatory agency of your former bank, and its details have been listed: According to the Federal Financial Institutions Examinations Council (for additional information visit www.ffiec.gov), National Bank’s regulator is the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (for additional information please visit www.helpwithmybank.gov). You can visit and reach this regulatory agency online or by phone at (800) 613-6743. The Office of the Comptroller will assist you in getting answers and solutions to your questions and concerns. You can also file complaints against your bank, here. If you decide to proceed with filing a complaint, officials from the Office of the Comptroller will contact National Bank on your behalf regarding your issue for a response. You will then receive a let ter summarizing the results. Those who have sought our legal advice and even had similar experiences as you with National Bank as well have reported that intervention by a regulatory agency expedited the process and liens were eventually removed. We are confident that you have the tools to resolve this issue. LEGAL EAGLES, LLP [ 1 ]. The elements of the prima facie case of the tort of negligence are duty, breach of duty, actual and proximate cause, and injury. [ 2 ]. COMMERCIAL ESCROW COMPANY AND JAMES DE MIK, APPELLANTS, v. ROCKPORT REBEL, INC., APPELLEE. 778 S.W.2d 532; 1989 Tex. App. LEXIS 2263 [ 3 ]. CAYETANO J. APABLASA, Appellant, v. MERRITT COMPANY (a Corporation) et al., Respondents. 176 Cal. App. 2d 719; 1 Cal. Rptr. 500; 1959 Cal. App. LEXIS 1542

Craig Lockhart Essay Example for Free

Craig Lockhart Essay Wilfred Owen was a soldier in the First World War; in 1917 he was admitted to Craig Lockhart hospital with shell shock. He had previously written poems pre 1917 but whilst in the hospital he met Siegfried Sassoon; Sassoon had a huge influence on the way Owen wrote his poems. Owens main message in his poems was to warn the public about war, as well as dis-agree with other writers such as Jessie Pope and Rupert Brooke who presented war as noble; Owen was completely against this idea of war, especially the message these other writers tried to convey. In Owens poem Exposure the readers expectation is reversed; we expect the poem to be about exposure to enemy fire but what the men in the poem are really exposed to is the weather; this weather will eventually kill them as they die from hypothermia. In the poem the men are suffering from psychological trauma; projecting their own madness onto nature. The reader starts to sense Owens own questioning of his religion, Christianity, as he can no longer believe there is an after life and presents his theme of the futility of war. The opening of Exposure establishes the theme of psychological trauma, which is a reversal of the readers expectation because we expect the men to be exposed to enemy fire; this is the first thought the reader had when thinking about Exposure. The opening line of the poem is Our brains ache, which signals to the reader a new idea and a reversal of the original expectation we have and we sense the men are worried by silence, sentries whisper, curious, nervous. The word Our shows that collectively their brains ache and suggests the idea of the universality of war and the fact that on both sides, the British and Germans, many men suffered from psychological trauma. Another idea could be that the men are constantly worried (paranoia) about being heard or coming under attack, hence their brains ache with worry. Also, the use of sibilance throughout the opening creates an uneasy atmosphere and we can sense that the men themselves are uneasy; the sibilance creates a whispering sound; this constant paranoia surrounds the men that if they talk too loud they will die, which in turn creates psychological problems. This conveys the, perhaps uneasy, horror of war because what if affecting the men the most is not the constant Exposure to enemy fire but the constant fear that they are going to be shot at. Spring Offensive confirms Owens sincere lack of faith in an after life as he questions Gods existence throughout the poem. He suggests that the hundreds, perhaps thousands of men are not going to heaven as some would like to believe but simply just dying. The consolatory myth that many once used to believe is forgotten on the front line, as the men can no longer believe in the existence of such entity. Owen suggests that there is no Christian Heaven or Hell but that man have created a hell on earth; there is constant dying and murder yet these men do not go anywhere. This highlights that perhaps this is the most poignant horror of war, the futility of war. In Spring Offensive the theme of psychological trauma is again established in the opening stanza; the idea of the futility of war is also introduced. Many there stood still to face the stark blank sky beyond the ridge, shows that the men are perhaps afraid of going over the top for the fear that if they die they will go nowhere, no heaven or hell. Owens own fading belief in religion and an afterlife is introduced. The men in the poem are scared about what they are going to face when the go over the ridge (trench), as they have problems with what they are going to have to do when they go over the top of the ridge; they do not like the idea of killing over people. The use of sibilance is used in the poem, as in Exposure, to effectively create a sense of unease. This is a contrast to those who carelessly slept as they do not mind killing others in order to save themselves and at the end of Spring Offensive we learn that these were the ones who, eventually, survived. This perhaps suggests that they themselves have no social conscience in that they are quite happy to kill human beings like themselves and perhaps have psychological problems of a different kind. The stark blank sky could also, perhaps, be a link to astrology, with the idea from the past that the sky could show you what was in store for you in the future. A sunny day would suggest something good would happen to you and you would be fine, for example. However, the fact that they face the stark blank sky could be because they have no future, this is the end of their lives and that their own future is stark, blank; there is no hope of them going to the Christian Heaven or Hell, as Owen is trying to suggest that neither of these places exists, which strengthens the readers idea that Owen has a lack of belief in Christianity. The idea that the men are stood still is also a link to Exposure; the men are passive in the war in that they cannot affect what is going on, which also presents the theme of the futility of war. In the opening of Spring Offensive Owen successfully presents the themes of the futility of war and of psychological trauma and starts to establish his own belief that there is no such thing as Heaven or Hell in a subtle but effective manner. In Exposure the men project their own madness onto the wind and have a strong belief that nature, especially the wind, is against them; this comes from their psychological problems. Owen personifies the wind when he says winds that knive us and the men start to think of the wind as mad gusts, as well as suggesting that the bullets being fired at the men are less deadly than the air.

Examining The Maritime Academy Engineering Essay

Examining The Maritime Academy Engineering Essay Arabian Gulf countries have a long history and tradition on maritime affairs, and Arabs considered as the most skilled and experienced seafarers and traders. These traditional and historical ties with sea, the proposed Maritime Academy trusts to cultivate to the highest level by providing the Arab youth with vocational and professional maritime training that meets all current international standards. The proposed Maritime Academy will be dedicated to the training of Arab seafarers to be and will give students the best possible start to their careers in the international shipping industry. It is well known that seafaring offers a stimulating, fulfilling and well paid career to young men who enjoy the associated challenges and responsibility, and who want more from a career than the usual nine to five routine. A career at sea brings with it a wealth of opportunity, providing individuals with the training and experience for a lifetime of rewarding challenges, which in the long term can be continued either at sea or ashore. While many will aspire to reach the ranks of Captain or Chief Engineer aboard ship, others may decide later on to move ashore and pursue one of the many opportunities available to experienced ships officers in the international shipping industry or elsewhere (e.g. shipping management, port management, ship broking, maritime law, ship and cargo surveying etc.) Most Arab countries are blessed with excessive oil reserves and this oil is transported to countries all over the world. This oil industry needs competent and reputable shipping industry to take care of the oil transport and has to be run by skilled, well trained, and educated officers both aboard ships and ashore. Technical and managerial skills learned at sea are readily transferable and can be developed by further training. And is the scope of the proposed Maritime Academy to provide. 1.2 Building up of Students Professional Qualifications In the Maritime Academy young cadets will learn and trained in such a way as to enhance all these personal qualities existing in every man and which are essential for a successful ships officer in order to cope with the demands of the profession. As a merchant marine officer he will spend several months at a time away from home living in close proximity with other crew members. The ability to cope with the stresses of separation whilst exercising tolerance towards others on the ship is therefore essential. In the Maritime Academy young cadets will learn to accept, later as ships Officers, a higher level of responsibility than would be expected at a similar age in most other professions and possess the leadership qualities necessary to direct the work of others, often under difficult circumstances. Self-reliance, self-discipline, initiative and the ability to work as part of a team are also part of the training as well as the commercial awareness and management skills demanded in todays competitive shipping industry. 1.3 The Roles of Navigation (Deck), Marine Engineering, and Electro Technical Officers Navigation (Deck) Officers Navigation Officers maintain watches on the bridge at sea and about the ship in port. They are responsible for passage planning, the safe navigation of the ship, cargo loading and discharge, ship stability, communications, and the maintenance of the hull and deck equipment. The ships Captain or Master is in overall command with ultimate responsibility for the safety of the crew, ship, cargo, and environment. Only navigation Officers can be promoted to the rank of Master. Marine Engineering Officers Marine Engineering Officers are responsible for the maintenance and operation of the ships main propulsion machinery and auxiliary plant, including deck machinery, air conditioning plants, refrigeration plants, and domestic and electrical services. Depending on the type of ship and operational circumstances, Engineer Officers will be required to keep watches in the ships Engine Room. The Chief Engineer Officer is in charge of the department and is responsible to the ships Master for its efficient operation. Whilst the law demands that only one person can be in overall command of the ship and by tradition that person is the Master, the Chief Engineer Officers status and salary is very similar to that enjoyed by the Master. Electro-Technical Officers (ETOs) These specialist officers work within the Engineering Department where they take particular responsibility for the maintenance of on board control engineering and electronic systems including propulsion control, radio communications and electronic navigation aids. OFFICER CADET PROGRAMMES TO BE OFFERED BY THE MARITIME ACADEMY The Maritime Academy shall offer 3 or 31/2 year Officer Cadet training programmes according to National and International (STCW) requirements, which will lead to professional certification by the Academy and either a degree qualification or a Higher National Diploma (HND). Officer Cadets following the Degree route will initially achieve professional certification by the Academy and a foundation Degree in either Marine Operations (Deck cadets) or Marine Engineering (Engine ETO Cadets). Successful candidates will then have the opportunity to top-up their academic qualification to an Honours Degree, achieving either a BSc (Hons) in Marine Operations Management (Deck Cadets) or a BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management. Officer Cadets following the HND route will initially achieve professional certification by the Academy and an HND in either Nautical Science (Deck Cadets) or Marine Engineering (Engine and ETO Cadets). After gaining initial Academy certification, junior officers prepare for the higher certificates of competency, leading finally to a Master Mariners or Chief Engineers Certificate of Competency, by a combination of sea service and Academy based training. Promotion to senior officer rank depends rather on merit than simply the possession of a senior certificate. The Academy may arrange, through various international shipping companies, for the Officer Cadets to obtain the required sea experience. OFFICER CADETS TRAINING PROGRAMMES PROGRAMME ENTRY REQUIREMENTS Deck Cadets Foundation Degree in Marine Operations, with top-up to BSc(Hons) in marine Operations Management A minimum of 120 UCAS tariff points, preferably including a numerate subject, PlusGSCE grade C or above in the following subjects: Mathematics (preferably Higher Tier) English Science (with Physical Science content) HND in Nautical Science Students will be required to complete an HE Entry course at the Academy prior to commencing the HND. Entry requirements for the induction course are as indicated. Successful completion of a full HND may facilitate later top-up to BSc(Hons) in Marine Operations Management. 4 GCSs Grade C or above including: Mathematics Science (with Physical Science content) English or a subject using English (i.e. Geography, History) Engine/ETO Cadets Foundation Degree in Marine Engineering, with top-up to BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management A minimum of 120 UCAS tariff points, including a numerate subject, PlusGSCE grade C or above in the following subjects: Mathematics (preferably Higher Tier) English Science (with Physical Science content) HND in Marine Engineering Students will be required to complete an HE Entry course at the Academy prior to commencing the HND. Entry requirements for the induction course are as indicated. Successful completion of a full HND may facilitate later top-up to BEng(Hons) in Marine Engineering and Management. 4 GCSs Grade C or above including: Mathematics Science (with Physical Science content) English or a subject using English (i.e. Geography, History) UCAS TARIFF FOR ACCESS TO DEGREE COURSES UCAS Points GCE A Level GCE AS Level GCC Nationals (Award) Key Skills 120 Grade A Distinction 100 Grade B 80 Grade C Merit 72 60 Grade D Grade A 50 Grade B 48 42 40 Grade E Grade C Pass 30 Grade D Level 4 20 Grade E Level 3 10 Level 2 The 120 UCAS points required for Academys maritime Foundation Degrees can be made up of any combination of qualifications. No UCAS credit is given for GCSEs but Foundation Degree students will be required to hold GCSE Mathematics (minimum Grade C, preferably higher tier syllabus), English and a GCSE science with a significant content of Physical Science. MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS Officer Cadets must have good health and be capable of passing the Merchant Navy Medical Examination tests. Navigating Officer Cadets must also have normal colour vision and be able to pass the Academys Sight Test, although corrective lenses may be acceptable in some cases. COURSE STRUCTURES Each Officer Cadet programme consists of a number of training phases, alternating between phases at the Academy and phases at sea aboard a shipping companys vessels. At the Academy, Officer Cadets will develop the academic underpinning knowledge (UPK) required for professional certification, and also undertake specific safety courses required by International Convention (STCW 95). While aboard ship, Officer Cadets will gain practical shipboard experience and develop their operational competency as watchkeeping Officers. In addition to their academic studies, Officer Cadets must undertake a number of safety and survival courses during their cadetship. These include the following: Personal Survival Techniques (PST) Personal Social and Safety Responsibilities (PSSR) Basic Fire Fighting (BFF) Elementary First Aid (EFA) Medical First Aid aboard ship (MFA) Certificate of Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue Boats (CPSC RB) Advanced Fire Fighting In addition Deck cadets must complete the following courses: Efficient Deck Hand (EDH) Global Maritime Distress and Safety System General Operators Certificate (GMDSS) Navigation, Radar and ARPA Simulation Training: Operational Level (NARAS O) NAVIGATING (DECK) OFFICERS 5.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 15 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. Intro to EDH / STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Foundation degree (FdSc) units: Maritime Analytical Methods Navigation Ship Operations Phase 2 (At Sea) 35 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Deck Training Record Book Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdSc) units: Meteorology Cargo operations Voyage Planning Shipboard Management Marine Operations Command Management NARAS(O) preparation / assessment Phase 4 (At Sea) 47 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Deck Training Book Phase 5 Part 1 5 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning and any outstanding academic assessments prior to award of: Foundation Degree (FdSc) in Marine Operations Phase 5 Part 2 10 Weeks STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 (Optional) Top up to BSc (Hons) Degree 11 Weeks Bachelor of Science (BSc) Honours degree units: Project Maritime Technology Optional Units (2 of 4) Safety Management Financial Management Mercantile Law Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) (Optional) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Maritime Technology and two Optional Units undertaken. Complete Project Up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management 5.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 16 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course, including Academic Study Skills, Mathematics Foundation and introductions to Navigation, General Ship Knowledge and Ship and Port Operations. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) Intro to EDH and PSC and RB / STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 36 Weeks MNTB Training Record Book Guided Studies (HND Level 1 preparation) Phase 3 28 Weeks HND Level 1 units (STCW II/1 UPK): Navigation Passage Planning Watchkeeping and Communications Ship Construction, Cargo ad Stability Law and Management For SQA examinations NARAS(O) preparation / assessment Phase 4 (At Sea) 48 Weeks MNTB Training Record Book Guided Studies (HND Level 2 and MCA Orals preparation) Phase 5 17 Weeks For completion of OOW CoC + 26 Weeks For completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to Chief Mate Master Level) STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB Preparation for SQA/MCA written and oral examinations Successful completion of HND level 1 units, SQA/MCA written and oral examinations and STCW short courses leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end of cadetship. HND Level 2 units (STCW II/2 UPK) Command Passage Planning Advanced Ship Stability and Construction Cargo and Port Operations Law and Management for Mates and Masters Bridge and Engineering Systems Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions to Chief Mate/Master level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management Phase 5 Part 2 10 Weeks STCW short courses: AFF, EDH, MFA, GMDSS, NARAS(O), PSC RB MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 (Optional) Top up to BSc (Hons) Degree 11 Weeks Bachelor of Science (BSc) Honours degree units: Project Maritime Technology Optional Units (2 of 4) Safety Management Financial Management Mercantile Law Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) (Optional) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Maritime Technology and two Optional Units undertaken. Complete Project Up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BSc (Hons) Degree in Marine Operations Management MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS 6.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 24 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Marine Engineering Principles Workshop Skills Training Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Mathematics Mechanics / Thermodynamics Marine Legislation and Management Principles Work Based Learning Phase 2 (At Sea) 25 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Marine Electrics / Marine Auxiliary System Principles Marine Propulsion System Principles Ship Construction / Ship Stability Further mathematics Further Mechanics / Further Thermodynamics Engineering Design and Project Part 1 Work based Learning Workshop Skills Training Phase 4 (At Sea) 23 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Phase 5 Part 1 14 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Advanced Marine Electrics Engineering Design and Project Part 2 Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering management Successful completion of academic assessments leads to the award of: Foundation Degree (FdEng) in Marine Engineering Phase 5 Part 2 9 Weeks STCW short courses: MFA, AFF, PSC RB Workshop Skills Training MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 Top up to BEng (Hons) Degree 15 Weeks Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) Honours degree units: Engineering Project Project Management Professional Engineering Management Optional Subjects (2 of 4): Control Systems, Naval Architecture, materials and Manufacturing, Curriculum Plus Phase 7 (At sea / on leave) Blended Learning with Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Project management and Professional Engineering Management. Complete Project up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to award of: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management 6.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 30 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course. Study skills, Mathematics, IT skills, UPK for 1stsea phase plus intro to: Electrics, Ship Construction and Stability, Marine Engineering Principles, Marine Legislation, Applied Heat/Mechanics. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) MNTB Workshop Skills and Technology STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 22 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Consolidation of UPK (underpinning knowledge) Phase 3 37 Weeks HND Level 1 units: Mathematics Mechanics Marine Propulsion Systems Marine Auxiliary Systems Thermodynamics Marine Electrics Marine Legislation and Management Preparation for Project MNTB Workshop Skills Phase 4 (At Sea) 28 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book Consolidation of UPK/IAMI EK and MCA Orals preparation Phase 5 9 Weeks For completion of OOW CoC + 26 Weeks for completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to CEO Level) STCW short courses MFA, PSC RB, AFF Completion of MNTB Workshop Skills Preparatory courses for IAMI EK MCA Orals examinations Successful completion of IAMI EK/MCA Oral examinations leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency HND Level 2 units Further Mathematics Further Mechanics Further Thermodynamics Ship Stability and Construction Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering Management Engineering Design and Project Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions to Chief Engineer level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS 7.1 DEGREE PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Induction Phase 1 3 Weeks 24 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. Assessment for entry to Degree programme. STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR. Marine Engineering Principles Workshop Skills Training/Introduction to Electronics Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Mathematics Mechanics / Thermodynamics Marine Legislation and Management Principles Work Based Learning Phase 2 (At Sea) 25 Weeks Work Based Learning (Operations Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book / Electronics (Guided Studies) Phase 3 30 Weeks Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Marine Electrics / Marine Auxiliary System Principles Marine Propulsion System Principles Ship Construction / Ship Stability Further Mathematics Further Mechanics / Further Thermodynamics Engineering Design and Project Part 1 Work based Learning Electronic Principles and Systems / Workshop Skills Training Phase 4 (At Sea) 23 Weeks Work Based Learning (Management Level) MNTB Engineer Training Record Book (plus ETO specific tasks) Phase 5 Part 1 14 Weeks Consolidation of Work Based Learning Foundation Degree (FdEng) units: Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering Management / Engineering Design and Project Part 2 Instrumentation and Control Principles Engineering management Successful completion of academic assessments leads to the award of: Foundation Degree (FdEng) in Marine Engineering Phase 5 Part 2 9 Weeks STCW short courses: MFA, AFF, PSC RB Workshop Skills Training MCA Orals Preparation Successful completion of MCA Oral examination leads to award of: MCA Certificate of Competency and end the Cadetship. Phase 6 Part 1 Top up to BEng (Hons) Degree 15 Weeks Bachelor of Engineering (BEng) Honours degree units: Engineering Project Project Management Professional Engineering Management Optional Subjects (2 of 4): Control Systems, Naval Architecture, Materials and Manufacturing, Curriculum Plus Phase 6 Part 2 ENEM GMDSS 10 Weeks Additional units: Electronic Navigation Systems Navigation Systems Fault Diagnosis Radio Communication Engineering GMDSS Radio Maintenance ENEM Certificates Phase 7 (At sea/on leave) Blended learning Tutorial Support 10 Months Complete self-study elements of Project management and Professional Engineering Management. Complete Project up to 18 months to complete. Successful completion of all units leads to the award of: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management 6.2 HND PROGRAMME ACADEMY PHASE DURATION CONTENT Phase 1 30 Weeks Freshers Week / General induction to shipping industry. HE Entry Course. Study skills, Mathematics, IT skills, UPK for 1stsea phase plus intro to: Electrics, Ship Construction and Stability, Marine Engineering Principles, Marine Legislation, Applied Heat/Mechanics. Successful completion of HE Entry Course leads to award of: National Certificate of Further Education (NcFE) MNTB Workshop Skills and Technology / Introduction to Electronics STCW short courses PST, BFF, EFA, PSSR Phase 2 (At Sea) 22 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book / Electronics (Guided Studies) Consolidation of UPK (underpinning knowledge) Phase 3 37 Weeks HND Level 1 units: Mathematics Mechanics Marine Propulsion Systems Marine Auxiliary Systems Thermodynamics Marine Electrics Marine Legislation and Management Preparation for Project Electronic Principles and Systems MNTB Workshop Skills Phase 4 (At Sea) 28 Weeks MNTB Engineer Training Record Book (plus ETO specific tasks) Consolidation of UPK/IAMI EK and MCA Orals preparation Phase 5 9 Weeks For completion of EOOW CoC + 26 Weeks for completion of HND Part 2 (Academic exemptions to CEO Level) STCW short courses MFA, PSC RB, AFF Completion of MNTB Workshop Skills Preparatory courses for IAMI EK MCA Orals examinations Successful completion of IAMI EK/MCA Oral examinations leads to the award of the initial MCA Certificate of Competency HND Level 2 units Further Mathematics Further Mechanics Further Thermodynamics Ship Stability and Construction Advanced Marine Electrics Instrumentation and Control Systems Engineering Management Engineering Design and Project Successful completion of all HND academic assessments at the required pass rates provides full academic exemptions up to Chief Engineer level and leads to the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) Candidates who successfully achieve a full HND should later be eligible to top-up the academic award to: BEng (Hons) Degree in Marine Engineering and Management Phase 6 10 Weeks Additional units: Electronic navigational Systems Navigation Systems Full Diagnosis Radio Communication Engineering GMDSS Radio Maintenance ENEM Certificates AFTER THE OFFICER CADETSHIP NAVIGATION OFFICERS NEWLY QUALIFIED Navigation (Deck) Officers will usually join a shipping companys fleet as 3rd Officer, undertaking bridge watchkeeping duties at sea and operational duties in port, with responsibility for the safety of the crew, ship, cargo and environment. As their skills and experience develop, young officers progress to higher certificates of competency, leading eventually to certification as ships Captain (Master) and possibly to the command of their own vessel. Numerous opportunities also exist for qualified navigation Officers ashore. Shipping companies often recruit shore based superintendents and fleet operations staff from their seagoing officers. Harbour Authorities recruit experienced officers to train as Pilots, Harbour Masters and Port Operations managers, while Classification Societies and Marine Insurance Companies require the fficers skill and experience to fill such roles as hull and cargo surveyors. The MCA also require surveyors and examiners while Marine Colleges recruit lecturers and assessors. MARINE ENGINEERING OFFICERS Newly qualified Marine Engineering Officers will usually join a shipping companys fleet as 4th Engineer Officer, undertaking engine room watchkeeping duties and having responsibility for the safe and efficient operation of the ships main propulsion unit and other vitl services. As their skills and experience develop, young officers progress to the higher certificates of competency, leading eventually to the Chief Engineer Officers Certificate and possibly to the position of Chief Engineer Officer. Marine Engineering Officers acquire a range of transferable skills through professional development and experience, which have many applications in jobs ashore both related and unrelated to the marine industries. Shipping companies often recruit their shore based engineering superintendents from seagoing staff, and Classification societies and marine insurance companies recruit their surveyors from the same source. The MCA also require surveyors and examiners while maritime colleges recruit lecturers and assessors. ELECTRO TECHNICAL OFFICERS After completing the cadetship, ETOs have the choice of following a similar career path to that of Marine Engineering Officer (as above) or remaining within the ETO specialisation. Job opportunities and career progression within the ETO specialisation will depend on the shipping company concerned.

High Prevalence of Hepatotoxicity on HIV Patients under TDF First Base

In this cross-sectional study, our data demonstrate a high prevalence of hepatotoxicity 21.65% (225). Among 1039 HIV infected individuals, 8.2% (85) were on NVP based regimen, 38.8% (403) were on EFV based regimen, 26.18% (272) were on PI based regimen and 9.8% (102) were on raltegravir based regimen; of which only 2.4% experienced severe hepatotoxicity (n=25). This is in contrast with the previous findings, as many previous studies conducted so far have reported high prevalence of severe hepatotoxicity. For example a study conducted by Ferdinand et al., reported grade 4 hepatotoxicity in 7.9% patients [8], a retrospective study conducted at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) and Durham VA Medical Center (DVAMC) Infectious Diseases Clinics have reported 10.7% incidence of severe hepatotoxicity [9]. However, a recent study conducted on Ethiopian cohort have reported grade 3 and grade 4 hepatotoxicity among 1.84% of HIV infected patients [10]. The reason why the higher incidence was found among other cohort studies might be our study excluded patient with HBV/HCV infection. Among the 225 patients, 12.31% of them were on first line ART regimen. However SH among patient on first line ART was found to be present in 1.82%, this is similar with the previous finding that, among those receiving first line ART 1.7% had SH. However many finding states that overall rate of SH was between (4.2% - 8.9%) [11-13].In addition by analyzing further we found that SH was found to be higher in NVP (19.35%) than EFV (14.4%) based NNRTI, this is in line with the previous findings. The proportion of hepatotoxicity among HIV infected individuals is found to be 3.84%, 2.21%, 0.96% for patients who are ART naà ¯ve, on PI based regimen and raltegravir based ... ...transformed for statistical analysis. CD4 T-cell measurement was performed using flowcytometer FC 500, (Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA), ALT and AST level were measured in Olympus AU400 Chemistry analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Pasadena, CA, USA). Statistical analysis: Baseline characters were recorded as median and interquartile range for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables. Differences in demographic characters between 4 groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis Test for continuous variables and Pearson chi-square and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Time to event between the groups was compared using Kaplan-Meier estimates and log rank test. Association between the risk factors and hepatotoxicity was computed using Odds Ratios (ORs). All statistical analysis was performed in Vasserstats: Statistical computation website.

Discuss the idea of innocence and experience in Mansfield’s work. Essay

Discuss the idea of innocence and experience in Mansfield’s work. The ideas of innocence and experience are frequent themes that come up in Mansfield’s stories. These ideas often come across in themes such as loss of sexual innocence – ‘The Little Governess’; loss of innocence through awareness of mortality and death – ‘The Garden Party’, ‘Her First Ball’. Themes of aging and gaining of experience as time passes are also suggested. The woman in ‘The Woman at the Store’, we can that she has already lost her innocence, whereas in the other stories we see the point where characters have lost their innocence. ‘The Little Governess’ is about a young, inexperienced and vulnerable woman who gets sexually exploited in a â€Å"world full of old men with twitching knees†. Connotations of the title already suggest that she is a naà ¯ve girl with no experience. She is described as the â€Å"little† governess – suggesting she is a naà ¯ve, innocent, vulnerable girl who is diminutive with no experience. Also, people that became governesses in those times were usually bright but inexperienced middle class women. The typical language she uses sets up her innocence and naivety. Use of German and French dialect expressions highlights the novelty of European travel for the governess and her innocence and naivety .She is described as â€Å"quite white, with big round eyes†, â€Å"long lashes†, â€Å"soft beauty†, these descriptions again emphasize how childish and innocent she is. Use of foreshadowing is used to develop themes and is quite obvious regarding loss of sexual innocence. There is foreshadowing at the start â€Å"I always tell my girls that it’s better to mistrust people at first rather than trust them†, this sets up the atmosphere and giv... ...body suggests she may be envious of him, as he no longer has to worry about anything â€Å"What did garden parties†¦matter to him? He was far from all those things†. It may also suggest her childish inability to accept the finality of death and wants to view it as sleep â€Å"sleeping so soundly†. At this point, Laura has a partial realisation of death’s seriousness. She sees the reality of death, but is unsure of what to do with her new knowledge. The ideas of innocence and experience are reoccurring themes throughout Mansfield’s stories. We come to realize that human emotion and experience is universal, regardless of class distinction. We cannot escape death due to our mortality, thus we must all accept it. Everyone grows to become more experienced over time even though Mansfield sees the loss of innocence and the gain of new experience as a negative process.

Sticking To The Weights :: essays research papers

1†¦2†¦3†¦4†¦5. I had to get stronger before the next basketball season at La Puente High School. I was pushing myself hard when it came to lifting weights and running. I thought I could catch up with all the time I missed during the last six weeks of last year. I was out of the end of the season last year from a torn muscle in my hip. I knew I was weak and out of shape compared to the other players that were going to be on the team next season. I pushed myself very hard for the first couple of weeks. Because I worked myself so hard I began to slowly push it away from my to do list.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I started to set my sets and repetitions lower and lower till I just wasn’t doing it anymore. I had that whole summer that I was really looking forward to. I wanted to come back the next season and be in better shape then I’ve ever been. I also wanted to show my coach that I never quit not even in my off-season. That wasn’t the way it went though. I wasted time and a lot of it. I wasted time with weight lifting and also a jumping program that I got that guaranteed a 10-12 inch gain in my vertical jump. The last few weeks of the summer my friend invited me to lift with him. He had put together a weight program that we did the rest of the summer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just those last few weeks of the summer my friend and I were really seeing how we were getting stronger. That really inspired us to keep working hard. The first day of school, our coach saw the changes in the both of us. He new we had been working hard and he admired that. I started to think of how I would feel if I had been working as hard as I was then, the whole summer. I started to get mad at myself for not doing what I should have been instead of sitting around all summer playing video games. After that moment I promised myself that I wouldn’t stop lifting weights. That I would always work hard. So far I’m doing really well, I haven’t stopped since I started in the summer and I’m really glad that I didn’t. That was like six weeks ago and I’m still working hard.